TOEFL語彙

relating to the Middle Ages

中世の

exchange of goods carried across land

陸上交易

remove a ruler or government from power

打倒する；政権を覆す

ancient writing material made from plant stems

パピルス紙

ruler of ancient Egypt

ファラオ；古代エジプトの支配者

belonging to the period after a war

戦後の

objects made from shaped and fired clay

陶器

exist or happen earlier than something else

～より前に存在する；～に先立って起こる

belonging to a time before written records

先史時代の

belonging to a time before widespread industrial production

工業化以前の

estimating age from remaining radioactive carbon

放射性炭素年代測定

resistance against a ruler or established authority

反乱；既存の権力への抵抗

work out a picture of past conditions from evidence

再構成する；証拠に基づいて過去の様子を復元する

hold the position of sovereign

君主として在位する；統治する

placing remains in order without an exact age

相対年代測定

surviving object associated with an earlier age

遺物；歴史的な名残

return cultural objects or remains to their place of origin

文化財や人の遺体・遺骨を元の国・共同体に返還する

fundamental political change brought about by overthrow

革命；政治体制を覆す大きな変革

ruler's household and circle of officials

宮廷；君主を取り巻く家政組織や廷臣の集団

remains of damaged or destroyed buildings

廃墟；建物の遺構

long rolled sheet carrying writing

巻物

regularly traveling and working at sea

航海に従事する；航海に関する

agricultural worker legally bound to a lord's land

農奴

person who moves to make a permanent home in an area

入植者；新しい土地に移って定住する人

sharp fragment of a broken hard object

破片；陶片；ガラスなどの鋭いかけら

military surrounding of a place to force surrender

包囲；包囲戦

military operations focused on surrounding defended places

攻城戦；防御された場所を包囲する戦い

buying selling and transporting enslaved people

奴隷貿易

system treating people as property and forcing their labor

奴隷制；奴隷として拘束される状態