TOEFL語彙

sharing of practices and ideas between communities

文化交流

have existed since a particular past time

～に始まる；～にさかのぼる

work out the meaning of difficult writing

判読する；解読する

relating to a ruling family and its continuity

王朝の；支配者の家系に関する

succession of rulers from the same family

王朝；同じ家系の支配者が続く時代

release from slavery or comparable legal restrictions

解放；奴隷状態や法的な束縛から自由にすること

territories controlled by a central ruling power

帝国

systematically dig to expose archaeological remains

発掘する；掘り起こす

gradually lose strength or prosperity

衰退していく

historical organization through land and personal obligations

封建制

strongly defended military building or place

要塞；砦

custom followed in caring for and burying the dead

葬送の慣習

troops stationed to defend a particular place

守備隊；駐屯部隊

objects placed with a dead person at burial

副葬品

person expected or entitled to inherit a title or property

相続人；継承者

passed within a family by inheritance

世襲の；家系内で受け継がれる

person who researches and writes about the past

歴史学者；歴史研究者

description or explanation of past events

歴史の記述；過去の出来事についての説明

conditions of a period that help explain an event

歴史的背景

relating to an empire or its ruler

帝国の；皇帝の

major shift toward machine production and factories

産業革命

soldiers trained to fight on foot

歩兵

words cut or written on a lasting surface

碑文；刻まれた文字

belonging to the period between two wars

戦間期の；特に二つの世界大戦の間の

regional period marked by widespread iron use

鉄器時代

state ruled by a king or queen

王国

aristocratic class whose status rests on landholding

土地貴族；土地の所有を富や影響力の基盤とする貴族層

free people or a place from oppressive control

解放する；占領や抑圧から自由にする

physical objects and spaces associated with a society

物質文化