TOEFL語彙

Relating to a group connected by a perceived shared cultural background, ancestry, language, or traditions.

民族的な；共通の文化的背景に関係する

A social identity associated with a perceived shared cultural background, such as ancestry, language, or traditions.

民族的アイデンティティー；祖先、言語、伝統など、共有されていると考えられる文化的背景に関わる帰属意識

The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own, often treating one's own culture as superior.

自文化中心主義；自分の文化の基準で他の文化を評価する傾向

Using detailed observation and engagement with people to understand their everyday lives and cultural practices.

民族誌的な；エスノグラフィーの方法を用いた

Detailed study and description of people's everyday lives and cultural practices, often based on extended fieldwork.

エスノグラフィー；民族誌研究・民族誌

The accepted conventions for polite behavior in a particular social or professional setting.

礼儀作法；特定の場で礼儀正しいと認められる行動の慣例

A family network that includes relatives beyond parents and their children, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, or cousins.

拡大家族；祖父母、おじ、おば、いとこなどを含む家族のつながり

A set of social expectations associated with a person's gender in a particular context.

性別役割；ある文脈で性別に結びつけられる社会的な期待

Change in a neighborhood involving higher-income newcomers and investment, often accompanied by rising costs and pressure on existing residents.

ジェントリフィケーション；比較的所得の高い人々や投資が地区に流入し、しばしば生活費の上昇を伴う変化

A system in which people or positions are arranged in ranks with different levels of power or status.

階層制度；上下の序列を持つ構造

One person living alone or a group of people who share a home as their usual residence.

世帯；普段一つの住まいで共同生活をする人々、または一人暮らしの人

A person's or group's understanding of who they are and how they relate to others.

アイデンティティー；自分たちが何者で、他者とどう関わるかについての理解

A person who moves into another country to make it their usual place of residence.

移民；別の国へ移り、そこを普段の居住地とする人

The movement of people into another country to establish their usual residence there.

移民の流入；生活の拠点を置くために別の国へ移り住むこと

Describing peoples with longstanding connections to a territory predating later colonization or settlement, and their associated cultures.

先住民族の；後からの植民や移住より前から、その土地との長いつながりを持つ人々や文化に関する

To develop large-scale manufacturing as an important part of an economy, or cause this development.

工業化する；大規模な製造業を経済の重要な部分として発展させる

An unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, or treatment among people or social groups.

不平等；資源・機会・待遇が均等でないこと

An established organization or system of practices that shapes important areas of social life.

社会的機関；社会生活を形づくる確立した制度

Connected with the structures, rules, or practices of an established organization or social institution.

機関の；制度上の

To make a practice or arrangement an established and lasting part of an organization or society.

制度化する；ある慣行を安定した制度の一部にする

To join in the life of a shared community or institution, or help people or groups participate rather than remain separated.

溶け込む；溶け込ませる；異なる集団が共に参加できるようにする

Involving relationships, exchanges, or differences between people of different generations.

世代間の；異なる世代同士の関係に関わる

The movement of people to a new place of usual residence within the same country.

国内移住；同じ国内で生活の拠点を別の場所へ移すこと

Socially recognized relationships of family connection, including ties understood through descent, marriage, adoption, or other local practices.

親族関係；社会的に認められる家族のつながり

A group that makes up more than half of a specified population.

多数派集団；ある人口の半数を超える集団

To place people or groups in a position where their views, needs, or participation receive little attention.

周縁化する；人や集団の参加や発言が重視されない状況に置く

A group within a society that is smaller in number or has less social power than a dominant group.

少数者集団；人数が少ない、または社会的な力が弱い集団

To organize people and resources so that a group can take coordinated action.

動員する；人や資源を組織して行動に備える

Changes in institutions, technologies, and everyday arrangements associated with movement toward more contemporary forms of social organization.

近代化；制度、技術、生活の仕組みが現代的な社会の形へと変わる過程