TOEFL語彙

Changes in cultural practices or understandings that arise through sustained contact between cultural groups.

文化変容；文化集団同士の継続的な接触によって生じる文化の変化

The distribution of people among different age groups in a population.

年齢構成；人口が各年齢層にどのように分布しているか

A population in which older people make up an increasing share of the total.

高齢化する人口；高齢者の占める割合が増え続けている人口集団

The study of humans, including their cultures, biological development, and ways of life across time and place.

人類学

To become more similar to a surrounding cultural group by adopting its practices or ways of life.

同化する；周囲の集団の慣行を取り入れて、より似た状態になる

Connected with, or participating in, two cultural traditions or ways of life.

二文化に関わる；2つの文化的伝統や生活様式とつながりを持つ

The number of live births in a population over a period, usually expressed per thousand people per year.

出生率；通常、人口千人当たりの年間出生数で表す割合

A person whose earnings provide the main financial support for a household or family.

主な稼ぎ手；家庭の収入を主に支える人

An official effort to count an entire population and collect information about its characteristics.

人口センサス；人口全体を対象とする公的な調査

Intended to help people in need or support a public-benefit cause.

慈善の；困っている人を助けたり、公益を支えたりすることを目的とした

To live together as partners in an intimate relationship without being married to each other.

同棲する；互いに結婚していないパートナー同士が一緒に暮らす

Shared or used by members of a community or group.

共同の；集団で共用する

A group of people connected by where they live, shared interests, or a sense of belonging.

コミュニティー；居住地、共通の関心、帰属意識で結びついた人々の集まり

A place that provides activities, services, and meeting space for people in a local area.

コミュニティーセンター；地域の人々に活動や集会の場を提供する施設

An established way of behaving that people generally accept within a group or setting.

慣例；広く受け入れられた行動の仕方

Relating to a group's beliefs, practices, knowledge, or forms of expression.

文化の；集団の信念や慣行などに関する

An approach that seeks to understand beliefs and practices within their own cultural context rather than imposing outside standards.

文化相対主義；信念や慣行を、それが属する文化の文脈で理解する方法

The shared and changing beliefs, practices, knowledge, and forms of expression associated with a group.

文化；集団で共有され、変化し続ける信念、慣行、知識、表現の形

Usual or traditional within a particular group, place, or situation.

慣例となっている；習慣上の

Relating to the size, composition, distribution, or change of a human population.

人口統計の；人口の特徴や変化に関する

A long-term shift in a population from generally high birth and death rates to generally low ones.

人口転換；出生率と死亡率がともに高い状態から、低い状態へと移る長期的な過程

The study of human populations, including their size, composition, distribution, and changes through births, deaths, and migration.

人口学

An age-based ratio comparing people outside a defined working-age range with those within that range.

従属人口指数；定められた生産年齢の範囲外の人口と、その範囲内の人口との比率

Behavior that departs from the norms of a particular group or society.

逸脱行動；ある集団や社会の規範から外れる行動

A dispersed population living outside an ancestral or former homeland while maintaining real or symbolic connections with it.

ディアスポラ；祖先の故郷やかつての居住地を離れて分散し、そこへのつながりを保つ人々

Having fewer resources or opportunities than other people because of social or economic conditions.

不利な立場にある；資源や機会が少ない

To force people to leave the place where they normally live.

住まいから追い出す；普段住んでいる場所からの退去を余儀なくさせる

Relating to the home, household, or family life.

家庭の；家事の；家庭生活に関する

To leave one's country of usual residence in order to live in another country.

国外へ移住する；それまで住んでいた国から他国へ移る