TOEFL語彙

Support that people exchange to meet one another's needs through cooperation.

相互扶助；人々が協力して互いの必要を満たすための支援

An area of a town or city where people live and share nearby streets and facilities.

近隣地区；町や都市の中で人々が暮らす地域

The difference between the number of people moving into an area and the number moving out during a period.

純移動；ある期間の転入者数と転出者数の差

Not organized to distribute profits to owners or shareholders, but to pursue a stated purpose.

非営利の；所有者に利益を分配することを目的としない

A shared expectation about behavior considered usual or acceptable within a group.

社会規範；集団で普通または容認できるとされる行動への共通の期待

A family unit consisting of parents and their children, rather than a wider set of relatives.

核家族；より広い親族を含めず、親とその子どもから成る家族の単位

To give knowledge, practices, or valued possessions to people of a later generation.

受け継がせる；知識、慣習、大切な品物を後の世代に伝える

The use of money, time, or other resources to promote the welfare of others, especially through organized giving.

慈善活動；寄付などの資源を使い、他人の幸福を促進する活動

An increase in the number of people living in a particular area over time.

人口増加；ある地域の人口が時間とともに増えること

A chart showing the age distribution of a population, usually with separate horizontal bars for females and males.

人口ピラミッド；通常、年齢と性別に分けて人口構成を示す図

Having advantages or opportunities that are not equally available to other people.

特権や有利な条件に恵まれた

The exchange of actions, assistance, or resources in which people respond to what others provide.

互酬性；他人が提供した支援や資源に応じて返すこと

To move to a different place to live or operate, or move someone or something there.

移転する；新たな居住地や活動拠点へ移る

Money sent by someone living away from home to people in their place of origin, often across national borders.

送金；故郷を離れて暮らす人が、元の居住地へ送るお金

To establish a home in a different place, or help people do so, especially after they have had to leave.

再定住する；別の場所で生活を立て直す；人々の再定住を支援する

A set of actions performed in an established way because they have shared symbolic, social, or religious meaning.

儀式；共通の象徴的・社会的・宗教的意味を持ち、決まった形で行われる一連の行為

The movement of people from countryside settlements to towns or cities to establish a new usual residence.

農村から都市への移住；農村から都市部へ生活の拠点を移すこと

Not organized around religious beliefs, authority, or purposes.

世俗的な；宗教を基盤としない

A process in which religious institutions, beliefs, or practices become less influential in particular areas of social life.

世俗化；社会生活の特定の領域で宗教の影響が弱まる過程

The separation of social groups in spaces, institutions, or activities, often linked to unequal treatment or opportunity.

社会的分離；集団間の隔離

A household in which one parent lives with and raises a child or children without a partner living there.

ひとり親世帯；親一人が子どもと暮らし、パートナーが同居していない世帯

Resources and opportunities available through social relationships, trust, and networks of cooperation.

社会関係資本；人間関係、信頼、協力のネットワークを通して得られる資源や機会

A grouping in society associated with similar economic resources, occupations, and social standing.

社会階層

The strength of connections and willingness to cooperate among members of a society or community.

社会的結束；社会の成員同士のつながりと協力する意欲

Movement by individuals or groups between positions in a society's system of class or status.

社会移動；個人や集団が階層や地位の間を移動すること

A sustained collective effort to bring about or resist changes in society.

社会運動；社会の変化を促進したり、それに抵抗したりする継続的な集団行動

A set of social connections linking people or groups to one another.

社会的ネットワーク；個人や集団を結ぶ人間関係の網

A person's or group's position or standing within a society or social setting.

社会的地位；社会の中での個人や集団の位置・評価

The relatively stable arrangement of relationships, roles, and institutions within a society.

社会構造；社会の関係、役割、制度の比較的安定した配置