TOEFL語彙

The process through which people learn and negotiate the expectations, values, and practices of social life.

社会化；社会生活での期待、価値観、慣行を学び、それらとの関わり方を探る過程

To teach someone the expectations, values, and behavior associated with participation in a society or group.

社会化する；集団の規範や行動の仕方を身につけさせる

Relating to the combined influence of people's social position and economic circumstances.

社会経済的な；社会的地位と経済状況に関わる

The systematic study of social relationships, institutions, and patterns of life in human societies.

社会学

Unity and mutual support among people who share a concern, interest, or difficult situation.

連帯；共通の関心や状況に基づいて互いを支えること

The arrangement of society into layers with unequal access to resources, power, or social standing.

社会成層；社会が階層に分かれること

A group within a wider society whose members share distinctive practices, interests, or values.

サブカルチャー；より大きな社会の中で、独自の慣行、関心、価値観を共有する集団

A strong social prohibition against a particular action, object, or topic within a group.

タブー；集団の中で特定の行動・物・話題を強く禁じること

The estimated number of children a woman would have if she experienced a given period's age-specific birth rates throughout her reproductive years.

合計特殊出生率；ある時期の年齢別出生率に基づいて推計する、女性一人当たりの子どもの数

Extending across national borders through connections, activities, or relationships.

国境を越えた；つながりや活動が複数の国にまたがる

To bring people together, or join together, around a shared purpose or concern.

団結させる；団結する

Movement toward a higher social or economic position.

上方移動；社会的・経済的地位の上昇

An increase in the proportion of a population living in towns and cities.

都市化；総人口に占める都市部の人口の割合が増える過程

To become more urban in population or physical character, or make an area more urban.

都市化する；人口や空間の面で都市的な特徴を強める；都市化させる