TOEFL語彙

Behavior intended to harm another person, physically or psychologically.

攻撃行動；他人を身体的または心理的に傷つけようとする行動

Concern for other people's welfare that motivates help without seeking a personal reward.

利他主義；個人的な見返りを求めずに他人を気遣い、助けること

A tendency to rely too heavily on an initial value or piece of information when making a judgment.

アンカリング・バイアス；判断するとき、最初の数値や情報に頼りすぎる傾向

The mental focus given to selected information, activities, or events.

注意；特定の情報や活動への意識の集中

Paying close attention to what is being said, shown, or done.

注意深い；よく気を配る

A way of thinking or feeling about a person, activity, or issue, often involving a favorable or unfavorable judgment.

態度；人・活動・問題についての考え方や感じ方

Knowledge or conscious notice of something that is present or happening.

気づき；意識；あることへの注意や理解

A tendency for an individual to be less likely to offer needed help when other people are present.

傍観者効果；ほかの人がいると、必要な助けを自ら提供する可能性が低くなる傾向

Learning in which a previously neutral cue comes to produce a response after being associated with a stimulus that already produces a response.

古典的条件づけ；それまで中性だった手がかりが、すでに反応を引き起こす刺激と結びつき、反応を引き起こすようになる学習

The mental processes through which people learn, understand, remember, and think about information.

認知；情報を得て理解し活用する心の過程

Relating to mental activities such as thinking, understanding, remembering, and learning.

認知の；思考・理解・記憶などの心の活動に関する

A systematic tendency in thinking that can distort judgments or interpretations.

認知バイアス；判断や解釈をゆがめることがある、一定の傾向を持つ思考の偏り

Changes in thinking, remembering, reasoning, and understanding over a person's life.

認知発達；生涯を通じた思考・記憶・推論・理解の変化

To direct mental effort toward one activity or subject without letting other things distract you.

集中する；注意を集中させる

To establish or change a learned response through repeated associations or consequences.

条件づける；出来事の関連や行動の結果を通して、学習による反応を形成する

A learned reaction elicited by a cue that has become associated with another stimulus.

条件反応；学習によって別の刺激と結びついた手がかりが引き起こす反応

A cue that comes to produce a learned response after being associated with another stimulus.

条件刺激；別の刺激と結びつくことで、学習された反応を引き起こすようになった手がかり

Learning in which associations between events or the consequences of behavior change later responses.

条件づけ；出来事の関連や行動の結果を通して反応が変わる学習

A tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs while giving less attention to information that challenges them.

確証バイアス；既存の信念を支持する情報を重視し、反証にはあまり注意を向けない傾向

To change or adjust behavior so that it matches a group's expectations or usual behavior.

同調する；集団の期待に合わせて行動を変える

The adjustment of behavior or expressed opinions to match a group's expectations.

同調；行動や表明する意見を集団の期待に合わせること

Involving awareness of what one is thinking, feeling, or doing.

意識的な；自覚している

A desire to learn about something or find out how it works.

好奇心；物事を探究して知ろうとする気持ち

Wanting to learn about something or find out more.

好奇心のある；さらに知りたいと思う

The process of choosing among possible actions or alternatives.

意思決定；可能な行動や選択肢の中から選ぶ過程

Choosing to wait for a later benefit rather than taking an available immediate reward.

満足の遅延；すぐに得られる報酬を取らず、後の利益を待つことを選ぶこと

The ability to perceive distance and the three-dimensional arrangement of objects.

奥行き知覚；距離や物体の三次元的な位置関係を捉える能力

To draw someone's attention away from what they are trying to do or consider.

気を散らす；注意をそらす

Something that draws attention away from a task, or the process of having attention diverted.

気を散らすもの；注意がそれること