TOEFL語彙

Behavior intended to harm another person, physically or psychologically.

攻撃行動；他人を身体的または心理的に傷つけようとする行動

Concern for other people's welfare that motivates help without seeking a personal reward.

利他主義；個人的な見返りを求めずに他人を気遣い、助けること

A tendency to rely too heavily on an initial value or piece of information when making a judgment.

アンカリング・バイアス；判断するとき、最初の数値や情報に頼りすぎる傾向

The mental focus given to selected information, activities, or events.

注意；特定の情報や活動への意識の集中

The length of time a person can keep attention on an activity or subject.

注意の持続時間；活動や対象に集中し続けられる時間

Paying close attention to what is being said, shown, or done.

注意深い；よく気を配る

A way of thinking or feeling about a person, activity, or issue, often involving a favorable or unfavorable judgment.

態度；人・活動・問題についての考え方や感じ方

Knowledge or conscious notice of something that is present or happening.

気づき；意識；あることへの注意や理解

A tendency for an individual to be less likely to offer needed help when other people are present.

傍観者効果；ほかの人がいると、必要な助けを自ら提供する可能性が低くなる傾向

Learning in which a previously neutral cue comes to produce a response after being associated with a stimulus that already produces a response.

古典的条件づけ；それまで中性だった手がかりが、すでに反応を引き起こす刺激と結びつき、反応を引き起こすようになる学習

The mental processes through which people learn, understand, remember, and think about information.

認知；情報を得て理解し活用する心の過程

Relating to mental activities such as thinking, understanding, remembering, and learning.

認知の；思考・理解・記憶などの心の活動に関する

A systematic tendency in thinking that can distort judgments or interpretations.

認知バイアス；判断や解釈をゆがめることがある、一定の傾向を持つ思考の偏り

Changes in thinking, remembering, reasoning, and understanding over a person's life.

認知発達；生涯を通じた思考・記憶・推論・理解の変化

To direct mental effort toward one activity or subject without letting other things distract you.

集中する；注意を集中させる

To establish or change a learned response through repeated associations or consequences.

条件づける；出来事の関連や行動の結果を通して、学習による反応を形成する

A learned reaction elicited by a cue that has become associated with another stimulus.

条件反応；学習によって別の刺激と結びついた手がかりが引き起こす反応

A cue that comes to produce a learned response after being associated with another stimulus.

条件刺激；別の刺激と結びつくことで、学習された反応を引き起こすようになった手がかり

Learning in which associations between events or the consequences of behavior change later responses.

条件づけ；出来事の関連や行動の結果を通して反応が変わる学習

A tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs while giving less attention to information that challenges them.

確証バイアス；既存の信念を支持する情報を重視し、反証にはあまり注意を向けない傾向

To change or adjust behavior so that it matches a group's expectations or usual behavior.

同調する；集団の期待に合わせて行動を変える

The adjustment of behavior or expressed opinions to match a group's expectations.

同調；行動や表明する意見を集団の期待に合わせること

Involving awareness of what one is thinking, feeling, or doing.

意識的な；自覚している

A desire to learn about something or find out how it works.

好奇心；物事を探究して知ろうとする気持ち

The process of choosing among possible actions or alternatives.

意思決定；可能な行動や選択肢の中から選ぶ過程

Choosing to wait for a later benefit rather than taking an available immediate reward.

満足の遅延；すぐに得られる報酬を取らず、後の利益を待つことを選ぶこと

The ability to perceive distance and the three-dimensional arrangement of objects.

奥行き知覚；距離や物体の三次元的な位置関係を捉える能力

To draw someone's attention away from what they are trying to do or consider.

気を散らす；注意をそらす

Something that draws attention away from a task, or the process of having attention diverted.

気を散らすもの；注意がそれること