TOEFL語彙

Something valued that is received or offered in return for an action or achievement.

報酬；行動や成果の見返りに受け取る、または与えると示される価値あるもの

Focusing on selected information while giving less attention to competing information.

選択的注意；特定の情報に集中し、競合する情報への注意を減らすこと

The ability to manage impulses and actions in order to follow chosen goals or standards.

自己制御；目標や基準に従うため、衝動や行動を管理する能力

A person's overall sense of their own worth or value.

自尊感情；自分の価値についての全般的な評価

Memory for general facts, concepts, and meanings, rather than for a particular personal experience.

意味記憶；一般的な事実・概念・意味についての記憶

An experience produced when the senses detect stimulation, such as pressure, sound, or light.

感覚；感覚器が刺激を受けて生じる体験

The temporary holding of a limited amount of information for immediate use.

短期記憶；すぐに使う少量の情報を一時的に保持する記憶

Nervous or uncomfortable when meeting or speaking with other people.

恥ずかしがりの；人付き合いで緊張したり居心地の悪さを感じたりする

An oversimplified general belief about the characteristics of a group of people.

ステレオタイプ；ある集団の特徴についての、過度に単純化された一般的な見方

An event, object, or change that can produce a sensory or behavioral response.

刺激；感覚や行動の反応を引き起こし得る出来事・物体・変化

Concern for someone who is experiencing difficulty or suffering.

同情；他人の苦しみや困難を気遣う気持ち

A person's characteristic style of emotional reaction, activity, and self-regulation, often apparent early in life.

気質；幼い時期から現れることが多い感情反応や活動の傾向

The understanding that other people have beliefs, intentions, and feelings that may differ from one's own and guide their behavior.

心の理論；他人には自分と異なり得る信念・意図・感情があり、それに基づいて行動すると理解すること

Happening or influencing behavior without a person being aware of it.

無意識の；本人が気づいていない

A mental system that briefly holds information while a person actively uses or changes it during a task.

ワーキングメモリ；課題に取り組む間、情報を一時的に保持して処理する心の仕組み