TOEFL語彙

Memory that keeps knowledge, experiences, and skills available over extended periods of time.

長期記憶；知識・経験・技能を長い期間にわたって保持する記憶

A tendency to give greater psychological weight to a loss than to an equivalent gain.

損失回避；同じ大きさの利益より損失を心理的に重く受け止める傾向

The ability to keep and retrieve information or experiences, or a particular experience that is remembered.

記憶；情報を保持して思い出す能力；覚えている経験

A general emotional state that lasts for a period of time and may have no clear immediate cause.

気分；しばらく続く全般的な感情の状態

To give someone a reason or desire to begin or continue an activity.

意欲を起こさせる；行動への動機を与える

The reasons or desires that lead someone to act and sustain effort toward a goal.

動機；目標に向かって行動し努力し続ける理由や願い

An increase in a behavior's future likelihood because it removes, prevents, or delays something unpleasant.

負の強化；不快な刺激を取り除く、避ける、または遅らせる行動が、再び起こりやすくなること

The act of following rules or direct instructions, especially those given by an authority.

服従；規則や権威ある者からの直接の指示に従うこと

To do what a rule or a person giving an instruction requires.

従う；指示や規則を守る

The understanding that an object continues to exist when it is no longer directly perceived.

対象の永続性；物体を直接知覚できなくなっても存在し続けると理解すること

Learning by watching other people's behavior and the consequences or results of that behavior.

観察学習；他人の行動とその結果を観察して学ぶこと

Learning in which the consequences of a behavior change how likely that behavior is to occur again.

オペラント条件づけ；行動の結果によって、その行動が再び起こる可能性が変わる学習

A visual experience in which an object appears different from its actual size, shape, position, or other physical properties.

錯視；見え方が物体の実際の特徴と異なる現象

Friendly and comfortable starting conversations or spending time with other people.

社交的で親しみやすい；人と交流することを好む

Influence from people of similar age or status that encourages someone to behave as they do or expect.

仲間からの圧力；同年代や同等の立場の人々に合わせた行動を促す影響

To become aware of something through the senses or interpret how it appears.

知覚する；感じ取る；あるものとして捉える

The process of organizing and interpreting information received through the senses.

知覚；感覚で得た情報を整理し解釈する過程

A person's characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

人格；個性；その人に特徴的な思考・感情・行動のパターン

To influence someone to accept an idea or take an action by offering reasons or making an appeal.

説得する；理由や訴えかけによって、考えを受け入れたり行動したりするよう促す

The process of influencing another person's beliefs, attitudes, or actions through communication.

説得；コミュニケーションを通して他人の信念・態度・行動に影響を与えること

An increase in a behavior's future likelihood because something is added after that behavior.

正の強化；行動のあとに刺激を加えることで、その行動が再び起こりやすくなること

An unfair judgment or attitude toward someone based on their group membership rather than sufficient individual evidence.

偏見；個人についての十分な根拠ではなく、所属する集団に基づく不公平な判断や態度

Intended to benefit other people or support their well-being.

向社会的な；他人を助けたり、その幸福を支えたりすることを目的とした

In behavioral learning, a consequence that makes the behavior it follows less likely to occur again.

罰；行動学習において、ある行動のあとに生じ、その行動が再び起こる可能性を下げる結果

To bring previously learned information or an earlier experience back into the mind.

思い出す；学んだ情報や経験を呼び起こす

The identification of something as having been encountered before.

再認；以前に接したものだと認識すること

To identify someone or something as familiar from an earlier encounter.

見覚えがあるとわかる；以前に接した人や物を認識する

To make a behavior more likely to occur again through a consequence that follows it.

強化する；行動のあとに生じる結果によって、その行動が再び起こる可能性を高める

A process in which a consequence increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again.

強化；ある結果によって、その行動が再び起こりやすくなる過程