Vocabulaire TOEFL

Behavior intended to harm another person, physically or psychologically.

攻击行为；意图在身体或心理上伤害他人的行为

Concern for other people's welfare that motivates help without seeking a personal reward.

利他主义；不以个人回报为目的而关心和帮助他人

A tendency to rely too heavily on an initial value or piece of information when making a judgment.

锚定偏差；判断时过度依赖最初数值或信息的倾向

The mental focus given to selected information, activities, or events.

注意；对特定信息或活动的心理集中

The length of time a person can keep attention on an activity or subject.

注意持续时间；能够持续专注于一项活动的时间

Paying close attention to what is being said, shown, or done.

专注的；留心的

A way of thinking or feeling about a person, activity, or issue, often involving a favorable or unfavorable judgment.

态度；对人、活动或议题的看法与感受

Knowledge or conscious notice of something that is present or happening.

觉察；意识；对某事的注意和了解

A tendency for an individual to be less likely to offer needed help when other people are present.

旁观者效应；有其他人在场时，个体较不容易主动提供所需帮助的倾向

Learning in which a previously neutral cue comes to produce a response after being associated with a stimulus that already produces a response.

经典条件作用；原先中性的线索与已有刺激建立联系后也能引发反应的学习

The mental processes through which people learn, understand, remember, and think about information.

认知；获得、理解和运用信息的心理过程

Relating to mental activities such as thinking, understanding, remembering, and learning.

认知的；与思考、理解和记忆等心理活动有关的

A systematic tendency in thinking that can distort judgments or interpretations.

认知偏差；可能使判断或解释失真的系统性思维倾向

Changes in thinking, remembering, reasoning, and understanding over a person's life.

认知发展；个体一生中思考、记忆、推理和理解的变化

To direct mental effort toward one activity or subject without letting other things distract you.

集中注意力；专心

To establish or change a learned response through repeated associations or consequences.

使形成条件反应；通过关联或后果建立习得反应

A learned reaction elicited by a cue that has become associated with another stimulus.

条件反应；由经过学习形成联系的线索引发的反应

A cue that comes to produce a learned response after being associated with another stimulus.

条件刺激；通过与另一刺激建立联系而能引发习得反应的线索

Learning in which associations between events or the consequences of behavior change later responses.

条件作用；通过事件关联或行为后果改变反应的学习

A tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs while giving less attention to information that challenges them.

确认偏误；偏向支持既有信念的信息而较少关注反证的倾向

To change or adjust behavior so that it matches a group's expectations or usual behavior.

从众；调整行为以符合群体期望

The adjustment of behavior or expressed opinions to match a group's expectations.

从众；使行为或公开表达的观点符合群体期望

Involving awareness of what one is thinking, feeling, or doing.

有意识的；能够觉察到的

A desire to learn about something or find out how it works.

好奇心；探究和了解事物的愿望

The process of choosing among possible actions or alternatives.

决策；在可能的行动或选项之间作出选择的过程

Choosing to wait for a later benefit rather than taking an available immediate reward.

延迟满足；放弃眼前可得的奖励，等待较后的好处

The ability to perceive distance and the three-dimensional arrangement of objects.

深度知觉；感知距离和物体三维空间关系的能力

To draw someone's attention away from what they are trying to do or consider.

使分心；转移注意力

Something that draws attention away from a task, or the process of having attention diverted.

干扰注意力的事物；分心