Vocabulaire TOEFL

Intended to help improve something through useful suggestions or practical criticism.

建设性的；有助于改进的

To use goods or services to meet needs or wants, rather than to produce them for sale.

消费；使用商品或服务来满足需求或愿望，而非将其生产出来出售

A person or household that obtains goods or services for use rather than for resale or further business production.

消费者；为使用而非转售或进一步经营性生产获取商品或服务的个人或家庭

A cultural setting in which buying and using goods plays an important role in identity, status, and everyday life.

消费文化；购买和使用商品在身份、地位及日常生活中具有重要作用的文化环境

The use of goods and services by people or households to satisfy needs or wants.

消费；个人或家庭为满足需求和愿望而使用商品及服务的活动

able to pass an illness between people

有传染性的

to have something inside it or as one of its parts

包含；容纳

introduce an unwanted substance into water, soil, or another material

污染；使受污染

condition or process of becoming impure through unwanted substances

污染；受污染

Belonging to the present period rather than to an earlier historical period.

当代的；属于当前时期而非较早历史时期的

to state that a particular view is true, often when other people may disagree

主张；认为；坚持认为

The information or ideas contained in a work or communication.

内容；作品或交流中包含的信息和想法

the surrounding circumstances or information that help explain the meaning or significance of something

背景；语境；情境

slow change in the positions of continents

大陆漂移

to keep happening or doing something, or to begin doing it again after a break

继续；持续；接着进行

the continuation or connection of something without a major break

连续性；延续性

conflict with a claim or finding

与……矛盾；提供与某种陈述、解释或先前结果不一致的信息

A conflict between statements or claims that cannot both be true in the same relevant circumstances.

矛盾；在相同相关条件下不能同时为真的陈述或主张之间的冲突

expressing claims that cannot both be true in the same respect

相互矛盾的；在同一方面不能同时成立的

A clear difference emphasized by considering things together.

对比；明显差异；将事物并置考察时突出的不同

to be one of the causes or influences that help produce an outcome

促成；是……的原因之一

Something given or done to help achieve a shared result.

贡献；为共同成果提供的帮助、工作或资源

factor kept steady during a study

控制变量；保持不变以免影响所研究关系的因素

An established way of behaving that people generally accept within a group or setting.

惯例；约定俗成的行为方式

following a commonly accepted way of thinking or doing something

常规的；遵循普遍认可方式的

An exchange in which people speak with one another, usually in a relatively informal way.

交谈；通常较为随意的人与人之间的口头交流

To talk with another person or other people in an exchange of ideas or information.

交谈；与他人交流想法或信息

used to introduce a situation in which the relationship just described is reversed

反过来；相反地

to change something from one form, purpose, or system to another

转换；转变用途或形式