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Introduces something that exists

有……（引出存在的人或事物）

For the reason that has just been given.

因此；所以

People or things already identified

他们；她们；它们（主语 they，宾语 them）

One person without he or she

某人；对一个人使用的 they（宾语 them）

An object whose name is not given

东西；物品

13 as a number used for counting

十三

30 as a number used for counting

三十

A person or thing near you

这个；这位（复数 these：这些）

tell someone the name of another person who is present

这位是……（介绍他人）

Used before a fact that contrasts with the main statement.

虽然；尽管

1,000 as a number used for counting

千；一千

3 as a number used for counting

三；三个

From one side of a place or opening to the other, passing inside it.

穿过；从……内部通过

Send something through the air

扔；投；抛

Used to name where someone or something is going.

向；到（目的地）

Used to say that an additional person or thing shares a fact.

也；还

more people or things than needed or wanted

太多（接可数名词复数）

more of something than is needed or wanted

太多（接不可数名词）

The highest part or upper end of something.

顶部；最上面

Put a hand on something

触摸；碰

In the direction of someone or something, without necessarily reaching them.

朝；向（某个方向）

Make an effort to do something

努力；试图；设法

Test a thing or method

试用；试试某种办法或体验

Face a different direction

转身；转向另一边

12 as a number used for counting

十二

20 as a number used for counting

二十

on two occasions

两次

2 as a number used for counting

二；两个

a group of similar people or things

类型；种类