PTE

change in how common gene variants are in a population due to chance rather than differences in their adaptive value

The particular genetic variants an individual has at a specified position in its genome.

to begin growing from a seed, producing a young root and shoot

passed from parents to their offspring through genetic inheritance

an animal without a backbone, including animals such as insects, snails, and jellyfish

an immature animal that differs substantially in form from the adult and later undergoes a major developmental change

a layer of leaves that forms an overhead covering, especially in a forest

a major change in an animal's body form during development from an immature stage toward adulthood

consisting of many cells, often with different cells carrying out different functions

a membrane-enclosed structure in many cells that contains most of the cell's genetic material

living and growing for more than two years, as a plant

The observable characteristics of an organism, arising from its genetic makeup and environmental influences.

the transfer of pollen to a receptive female structure in a seed plant

a gene variant whose effect on a particular trait is masked when it is paired with a dominant variant

an environmental factor that makes organisms with some inherited traits more likely to survive or reproduce than others

a close, continuing association between organisms of different species, which may benefit or harm one of the partners

living or growing on land, rather than in water

a thickened part of a plant stem or root that stores nutrients, often growing underground

an animal with a backbone, such as a fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal

the farming of fish, shellfish, algae, or other aquatic organisms under managed conditions

animals caught during fishing that are not the intended catch or are discarded rather than retained

a long, narrow groove or channel made in soil during farming

a facility where animal eggs, especially fish or poultry eggs, are hatched and young animals may be raised

to catch fish from a population at a rate too high to sustain productive fishing over time

soil containing a mixture of sand, silt, and clay without a strongly dominant sandy or clay-like texture

the growth of a celestial body as surrounding material gathers onto it

the angle between the directions from an observer to two objects in the sky

a unit of distance approximately equal to the average distance between Earth and the Sun

the study of the physical properties and processes of stars and other objects in space