PTE

the legally required fair procedures for government actions that may deprive a person of protected rights or interests

the people who have the right to vote in a particular area or election

the act or process of freeing people from slavery or serious legal restrictions on their freedom

a right established by law or rules to receive a particular benefit, payment, or service

the principle that people in comparable circumstances should receive equal treatment and protection under the law

developing from or organized by ordinary people in a community rather than by central political leaders

recognized rights to let livestock feed on a particular area of land

passed within a family by inheritance, especially of a title, office, or privilege, rather than newly assigned outside that line

relating to an empire, its ruler, or the authority it exercises

currently holding the office or position being discussed

relating to judges, courts, or the process of deciding legal cases

the judges and courts of a country or legal system considered together

the arrangements that determine who can hold, use, or control land and under what conditions

having legal force so that the obligations it creates can be enforced through the legal system

to make laws or use lawmaking powers to regulate a matter

relating to the making of laws or to a body with lawmaking authority

a body of representatives with the authority to make or change laws

to free people or a place from confinement, occupation, or oppressive control

available only when an assessment of income or other financial resources shows that specified conditions are met

relating to a town or city and its local government

the legal process by which a person who is not a citizen becomes a citizen of a country after meeting its requirements

supervision and scrutiny intended to ensure that official activities are carried out properly

to remove a ruler or government from power, usually by force

A legal right granted for an invention that allows its owner to prevent specified uses by others for a limited period.

a tool such as a tax, regulation, or subsidy that government uses to pursue a policy goal

an earlier court decision that serves as a guide or authority for deciding later cases with similar legal issues

the principle that an accused person must be treated as innocent unless guilt is established through the required legal process

relating to the methods or required steps used in an official process

an electoral approach in which the distribution of seats broadly reflects the shares of votes won by parties or groups