PTE

to change up and down in amount or level rather than move steadily in one direction

a change upward or downward within a pattern that varies over time rather than remaining steady

for achieving the aim that has just been stated or is clear from the context

a part or share of a total amount

basic and important to the nature or operation of something

used to introduce a broad statement that does not attempt to cover every exception or detail

to produce something or cause a result, activity, or output to come into existence

Causing damage or an unwanted negative effect.

to draw attention to an important feature, fact, or issue

an indirect opening used to make a present question or request sound less direct

Exactly the same in the relevant details.

to make an idea easier to understand by giving an example or visual explanation

A substantial effect on a person, process, or situation.

making decisions or judgments without unfairly favoring one person or side

to put a plan, decision, or system into practical use

A possible effect or consequence of a situation, decision, or finding that needs to be considered.

to communicate an idea without stating it directly

when considered alongside the person, thing, or situation named afterward

used to introduce a difference between two findings, groups, methods, or explanations

mainly, although not completely or exclusively

In actual use or real situations, as distinct from a plan, theory, or general idea.

with reference to a specified aspect or measure used to describe, assess, or compare something

over a long period, when later effects are considered

when considering the particular aspect that has just been mentioned

as the next effect or step in a sequence of causes and results

An expected benefit or reward that encourages someone to take a particular action.

Including the people or groups within the stated scope rather than excluding them.

to include something as a part of a larger whole

more and more as time passes or a process develops